The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay Example

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay Example The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Paper The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Paper Essay Topic: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner Barry J. Owens Jr. October 9, 2008 Eng. 262-Paper 1 Dr. Liesl Ward The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Have you ever made a decision that you eventually regretted? We make decisons on a daily basis. The decisions that we make have consequences. Some of the consequences are good and some are bad. We should be very careful when making decisions, because there are some decisions that you cannot easily change. In Mr. Coleridge’s’ poem, â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner†, we find an elderly man who has made the wrong decision. In the Christian aspect, a bad decision is a sin. It is hard for me not to believe that Mr. Coleridge develops this poem from a Christian aspect. The theme of the story reminds me of the salvation of a personwho has become a Christian. The poem also reminds me of the story of Adam and Eve. I find it interesting that the mariner told this story to a person that was going to a wedding, When Christians witness to others most of the time the listeners do not want to listen. The ancient mariner commits the sin, realizes that he has sinned, faces punishment for his sin, is redeemed from his sin, and is required to share his testimony with others. The ancientmariner makes the wrong decision when he decides to kill the albatross. He did not have any need to kill the albatross. He did not have anything else to do. He didn’t even think about what would happen if he killed the albatross. He just did it. Most of the time when we make decisions we do not weigh the consequences. The mariner realizes that he has â€Å"done a hellish thing† (2. 91). He does realize his wrongdoing until after it is done. Most Christians do not think about their wrong decisions while they are in the act. It does not dawn on them until after it is done and most of the time, by then it is too late. Themariner probably wanted to impress the other men that were on the ship. The albatross reminds me of Jesus Christ. He died because mankind sins. The albatross died to change the heart and mindset of the Ancient Mariner. We are not told exactly why the mariner killed the albatross or what were his intentions, but we do know that the albatross is dead. The ancient mariner also realizes that the albatross had brought good things and was meant to bring joy. He learns a lesson from his sin. The lesson that he learns is that God created all things equal, whether it is a human, or an animal. He also learns that every creature has its own niche. Nature punishesthe mariner by not giving him a â€Å"drop of water to drink†. (122) The crewmen’s mouths were so dry that they did not have any saliva to swallow. Nature punishes them by not providing them with any winds and the ship barely moved. Nature also punished the crewman by creating an uncomfortable environment. The mariner was not only punished by nature, but he is punished by the crewmen on the ship. They were upset with him for killing the albatross and claimed that it was his fault that they were in this horrible situation. The crewmen gives themariner gave the mariner â€Å"evil looks†. (139) The crewmen also punished him by putting the dead albatross on his neck. The crewmen do not take any blame for telling him that it was alright to kill the albatross. The crewmen, however, did face punishment. The crewman all passed away. The mariner wasthe only one that remained alive and this was perhaps the biggest punishment. I believe that the only way that the mariner could truly repent was for the crewman to die. The ancient mariner proves to mankind that when you are sincere and when you pray to God he will forgive you immediately. The average person does not forgive you that quickly. After he is finally was able to spend some time with God he was able to lift the burden. The â€Å"albatross fell off â€Å"(290). The albatross symbolizes the sin and when he repented the sin was removed. The Christian belief is that when you accept Jesus into your life and ask him to forgive you, sin is removed. When Jesus lifts your burdens, he will bear them for you. The ancient mariner finally realizes that he should respect all living creatures. He realizes that God has given us dominion over the animals and we should respect them. At times, we believe that if we hurt an animal that we have not sinned, but God looks at all of his creatures the same. We should make sure that we are taking good care of God’s creatures, because he gave us dominion over them. God is the best creator, because he loves â€Å"all things both great and small† (615). There are many times in life we take advantage of the animals that God has placed on Earth. We should appreciate the animals. The mariner did not appreciate the albatross until after it was dead, but it is a part of God’s will so that he can tell others the consequences of sins. I believe that God sometimes has to punish us to make us see ourselves. If God would have let the mariner easily get away with killing the albatross, he would have never developed a respect for animals. He probably would have just sin again. After God forgives our sin and saves us, we are required to become recruiters for him. We must tell others of his goodness. The mariner was happy to share his testimony with others. The big companies use the celebrities to share their testimony of how well they enjoy the product. In God’s eyes, everyone is a celebrity and we all have the responsibility of sharing our testimony with others. Our testimonies are not the same, but we all can relate, because sin is sin. The mariner is grateful that God chooses him to share his experience and can’t help but share it. Themariner is grateful that he has accepted God and wants to make sure that everyone gets a chance to accept God. There are people who believe that experience is the best teacher; however at times I believe that wisdom is the best teacher. If I can listen to someone that has been down the same road before I would rather take their advice than to go through the horrible punishment of sin. The wedding guest left â€Å"a sadder and wiser man†. (624). He is probably saddened by the story when the punishment of sin is told. The wedding guest will leave wiser, because now he knows that he doesn’t have to face sin and its punishments, he can just talk to God and ask for forgiveness.

Limitations of Man's Moral Capacities and Role of Political Order Research Paper

Limitations of Man's Moral Capacities and Role of Political Order - Research Paper Example The adoption of federal constitution perhaps had presented a challenge in that many political philosophers did not immediately know the extent to which the application of the new constitution will sustain what had become the order of the day or to what extent was it going to effect changes and to whose favor or disfavor. In the understanding of crucial role that the constitution was going to play, the most respected constitution architects of that time had carefully observed the situations, and agreed as leaders of the most fundamental states then that it was permissible that the many should have perfect representation, both being afraid of Monarchy and aristocracy as had been witnessed from continental Europe. Federalists’ essays, though not having a lot of public support, had begun exploring the nature of citizens in line with the provisions in the constitution that could have been perceived as inappropriate then. This is just to introduce the very rise of federalists. Quest ioning of Mans Moral Capacities One of the most fundamental concerns in federal constitution was the institution of the presidency. ... However we find Publius crafting another complex system in Electoral College and sufficiently argues out that anyone who passes grilling of the Electoral College will definitely be a man of good morals. Besides, we can also observe that this goes hand in hand with the creation of the senate whose joint power supersedes that of the institution of presidency in critical aspects. Publius draws a comparison of political institutions then and justifies that people’s concerns are well taken care of. By crafting the duties and obligations of the president to give him a parliamentary status of membership, morality of office bearer is further monitored through provision of impeachment by the house so as to protect the interest of the majority in the event that there is questionable abuse of office. Although giving so much power to this institution, Publius cannot entrust political governance of the people without checks and balances (Carey and MacClellan, 231). Equally important is the realization by Publius that if morality of the judiciary remains at a political stake, then the whole concept of moral justice will be lost. It becomes apparent that separation of powers and independence of each institution takes center stage. Publius notices that for a judiciary to be legitimate, it must have trust of the people from whose mandate it was created through the constitution. Abuse of powers and political influence on judicial decisions were very common then. The first fundamental step that Publius takes is to insulate the morality of office bearers by providing for life tenure. We realize that by possessing neither will nor force but only judgment, it was really vital to have a satisfied judiciary that cannot

Power of query optimization Asystematic Approach to cost-Based Dissertation

Power of query optimization Asystematic Approach to cost-Based optimization in Data Mining enviroment - Dissertation Example Up till now, there has been extensive research done in order to give database support to the mining operations. Nevertheless, the emphasis in such endeavors has been, most typically, laid upon the mining of a single data set although, most of the times, the user has to look up for multiple data sets that are acquired from various data sources. Thus, for such cases, it is extremely essential for the KDD process to compare the patterns from various data sets and comprehend their relationship with each other. For this purpose, the multiple data sets in a KDDMS require support for the complex queries. Due to this reason, new functionality and optimizations are needed that particularly emphasize over the frequent item set mining. Faster response to queries is the prime function of the query optimization. The data is better known to the semantic optimizer rather than the user. Thus, the semantic optimizer is able to replace the query of the user with another query that provides the same ou tcome more efficiently in lesser time. The efficiency of the new query is due to the execution of less work for the retrieval of the selected result tuples from the data base. The most advanced query optimizers select the one â€Å"best† plan during the time of the compilation to execute a given query (Ramakrishnan and Gehrke, 2000). The cost of execution for the alternative plans is calculated, out which the one is selected that has the overall cheapest cost. Conventionally, the cost is determined on the basis of the average statistics of the overall data since the prime purpose is to identify a single plan for all data. Nevertheless, the significant statistical variations of various data sub-sets may yield poor performance of the query execution (Christodoulakis, 1984). The basic disadvantage is the highly coarse optimization granularity in which just one execution plan is selected for the entire data. Important opportunities for effective query optimization are left out be cause of this sort of â€Å"monolithic† approach (Ramakrishnan and Gehrke, 2000). Thus, the research problem is to augment the cost-based optimization in data mining for patterns, in single and multiple databases. Therefore, the present study will focus on the cost-based optimization of the queries in data mining. 2. Topics covered There are numerous research papers that have been published in the area of Data mining, Data ware-housing and Query Optimization Techniques however the researches in the past do not clearly specify the conditions under which, what kind of query optimizer will probably possess more weight or points than the others. According Yu and Sub (n.d.), rules are deduced from the restriction clauses of the queries that are received at the database and also, from the outcome that they generate. It can also be stated that the cost of each query is different for the approaches through which the two syntactically distinct queries generate the same outcome. Ullman (1998), in his research, explained the principle of semantic query optimization that refers to the use of semantic rules, for instance, to re-generate a query into an equivalent but less expensive query, in order to minimize the cost of query evaluation. Subramanian and Venkataraman (n.d) in their work suggested the architecture to process the queries of complex decision support that incorporates various heterogeneous data sources and puts forward the concept of transient-views and moreover, formulates a cost-based algorithm that requires a query plan as an input and develops an optimized â€Å"covering plan† through reducing the redundancies in the original-input-query plan. According to the research work of Stefan Berchtold et.al (2001), the problem of extracting all objects

Macroeconomics. The financial elements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macroeconomics. The financial elements - Essay Example If everybody in the population starts saving the money, then ideally that should result in an overall higher levels of savings. But John Maynard Keynes, the famous economist, studied this very aspect of thrift and pointed out an interesting paradox. Keynes inferred that if everyone starts saving during times of recession then that would result in falling of the aggregate demand, which in turn will result in lowering the value of total savings in the population and leads to fall in economic growth. He meant to say that thrift is virtuous only up to a limit. The paradox is that an increase in saving, which is a recommended microeconomic strategy when individuals encounter problems, is not the best macroeconomic course of action for the aggregate economy1. Therefore, when people try to increase their savings, it may lead to decrease in the levels of autonomous consumption which in turn will decrease the equilibrium income, thus decreasing the induced savings. This way the two components of the savings tend to cancel out each other, implying that even though people tried to increase their savings, the result happened to be a drop in equilibrium income and a 'no change' in savings. That means trying to save more doesn't necessarily result in more saving. It results, instead, in less income out of which to save. Some of the steps involved in this situation and the effects that a chain reaction sets out after such a paradox are; Everybody starts saving his money without spending any of their income. The markets remain idle, as there are no customers and nothing is being sold. Since nothing is being sold, the shop owner starts feeling the pinch and fires his sales-boys and sales-girls. Gradually everyone loses their job. Similarly the production of goods also comes to a halt, and there too employees start loosing their jobs. There is no income as such And since there's no income there is no saving as well. That effectively results in zero savings. This is what John Maynard Keynes studied and objected to. This can further be demonstrated with the help of the Injections-Leakages Model diagrams as shown in the following figures; Fig: The Injections-Leakages Model The two figures shown here depict the paradox of thrift in a convincing manner. For example, if to start with the saving line indicated by 'S' has a positive slope showing gradual increase in savings from a negative saving figure (i.e. expenditure) to a positive saving figure, then the equilibrium of production is achieved by a production of $12 trillion i.e. at the intersection of S and I. Now, anticipating an impending recession, the community (or group of consumers) start increasing their levels of saving i.e. they are now little more on the thrifty side, by curtailing their expenditure plans. Therefore, the community is able to save an amount of $1 trillion more (see fig-2). The saving line is shifted upward and so the point of equilibrium is also shifted. The new saving line intersects original investment line at $8 trillion of aggregate production. This new equilibrium is therefore $4 trillion less than the original equilibrium. As compared to an increase in net saving by $1 tr illion, there is a

LAN & WAN Design Essay Example for Free

LAN WAN Design Essay A little bit of background follows. Crystal Limited is an award winning design consultancy with many years experience in creating hotel, leisure and retail environments for design led clients worldwide. The company is currently experiencing growth and is opening new offices in major UK locations. Funding has been released for improvements to its network services. A key requirement is the network design should provide a high level of reliability and scalability to meet the needs of future growth. Ethernet hubs are typically used to connect workstations to the network, and the Nottingham, Liverpool, Leeds and Derby offices are equipped with a modern cabling infrastructure which is adequate for supporting a modern campus network. However the Manchester headquarters uses a legacy category 3 cabling infrastructure which was pre-installed in the building. Employees at the Manchester site report frequent problems with performance and network failures. Each site has a single flat IP address space. Currently, Crystal Limited has a contract with a single ISP. The current link is a 2 Mbps circuit provisioned to the Manchester headquarters. The ISP has assigned a subnet of 201. 19. 0. 0/29 for the internet connection. The Crystal router should be configured with the highest usable address within the subnet. The ISP router has been configured with the lowest usable address. Crystal uses the Internet connection for web browsing and corporate e-mail. The corporate e-mail server should be situated inside a separate subnet attached to the Crystal perimeter router. It should be reachable from the Internet at a fixed address. 2. Proposed Approach Crystal Limited requires a design for a major network upgrade. The solution should support current levels of staff and a projected increase of 25% over the next year. High availability is a key requirement, so it is expected that redundancy will be factored into the design of the solution. The design should include both LAN and WAN infrastructures, a network addressing scheme which covers the entire solution and routing protocols. There are some specific additional requirements which must be incorporated into the proposal. Crystal Limited are requesting you provide a Network Design Document for a solution which meets the requirements below. A good response like the one below not just say what or how, but it also states why. In other words it attempts to: fully explain and justify important design and implementation decisions; look at alternatives; and even explain why something does not work, and in a commercial context often, it is asked, why us? The element of explaining â€Å"why† implicitly provides one with a vehicle to demonstrate one’s expertise and knowledge. The response below will also set out important assumptions that have been made, identification of important limitations with the following solutions (e. g. requirements not met), and even unique features and additional advantages should be examined which are offered by these proposed solutions. The following is a narrative that provides easy traceability to customer requirements. †¢ The ability to: conceal the details of the customers’ addressing scheme from the internet, allow web browsing; allow for the corporate e-mail server to be reachable on the Internet. This will be achieved by making sure an effective plan is put in place so that customers’ information can be protected. The addressing scheme can be placed on a server on the Internet so that any information is password-protected. In this way, many people will be able to use the system without fear of retribution or having to worry that someone else will access their information. Many times what is necessary in order to protect a network is the ability to make sure that it is secure in every sense of the word. Firewalls should be used in order to ensure that there are no malicious malwares or annoying pop-ups on the server. This would allow for a decent amount of web browsing in a safe manner for all users who would be employed at Crystal. Safe web browsing is important in any kind of company structure. In order to proffer web browsing that is safe for the entire company, it is important to lay groundwork or rules as to how company Internet usage can be utilized. First of all, employees should be made aware of the fact that certain web sites are banned from being viewed, such as any web site which has pornographic or otherwise inappropriate content. Secondly, employees should be made aware of the dangers of opening attachments from any outside third parties. Many a computer virus or worm has been spread through one person’s opening of attachments. That is why it is important to stress to employees the necessity of not opening attachments. The corporate e-mail server will also be able to be available on the Internet through creating a LAN network that would be for the various corporate offices individually. Then, a WAN network would be created in order to unite all the LAN’s that would be created for the company’s individual offices. The corporate e-mail would be on a main server at some remote location. This would be so that if there were ever any type of problem, the server could be easily accessed. The difference between LAN’s and WAN’s will be discussed later on in the paper. †¢ A resilient wide area infrastructure which will allow each site to connect to the Manchester headquarters should there be a failure in the leased line network shown above. In the event of a link failure the network should be able to begin using an alternate link within 10 seconds. There should definitely be a link that the server could revert to should the main site being maintained should fail. †¢ A design for a cabling infrastructure which will solve the current problems within the Manchester office. A cabling infrastructure would have to be designed which would not be very invasive and addressed all the problems corollary to this type of set-up. †¢ The network addressing scheme should be based upon a class B network address which will not clash with existing addresses already used by organizations connected to the Internet. The addressing scheme should be adequate to provide addressing for the projected staff numbers mentioned above – however the customer would like the remainder of the address space to be conserved for future use. Please note that the addressing scheme must cover all local area segments and wide area links. The addressing scheme should be varied enough not to clash with other networks, but should be distinct enough so that the company’s addressing scheme is separate from the others. †¢ Traffic from each department should be logically separated from other departments. Your LAN solution should allow the movement of users from one physical location to another within their building. Such a move should not require IP settings to be reconfigured on the users’ workstation. IP settings should be discretely separated and used as needed. Web traffic should be encouraged but each office’s traffic should be separated. The LAN should be set up in such a way so that users are not confined to one place in the computer lab, but can actually move around without fear that their information will be compromised. †¢ Network diagrams which show the layer 3 topology of the WAN and LANs, (including active networking devices).

Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management

Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management Compare and contrast the key features of the academic fields Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management (HRM) respectively. The fields of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management have been subjects of intense academic study since the time of their inception. Management literature is rich with varied definitions and diverse range of opinions that exist regarding the focus and the scope of these two academic fields. Industrial relations focuses primarily on the regulation, control and governance of the employment relationship. (BUIRA, 2008). The field has more of a pluralistic stance and focuses not just on the workers and the management but also on the state and other institutions influencing the employment relationship. Human Resource Management is A distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly structured and capable workforce using an array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. (Storey 1995:5). Although originally HRM was considered as one of the branches of IR, it is now recognized as a separ ate field of study. Many argue that HRM being rooted just in psychology and organizational sociology has a much narrower focus in contrast to IR which is a multi-disciplinary field of study.HRM is seen as concerned with just one aspect of industrial relations, that is regulation of employment relationship. It does not take into consideration the dynamics of this relationship nor does it account for the institutional and outside forces that have a determining effect on this relationship. (Rubery and Grimshaw 2003, Blyton and Turnbull 2004, Rubery, Earnshaw and Marchington 2005).Rather its marriage with just the welfare of the firm has come under severe criticism. The field of industrial relations is seen as being better empowered in addressing this problem. The primary objective of human resource management is to achieve viability and maximization of profits. The management seeks to establish a cost-effective system of labour management. (Geare 1977, Osterman 1987, Godard 2001). It tries to attain competitive advantage and flexibility such that the management gains enough power to function autonomously. It thus seeks to promote better organizational performance. Whereas the field of industrial relations is also concerned with enhancing the performance of the organization it also gives due weightage to maximizing the welfare of the employees, recognizing that labour is not a commodity but a valued asset of production. This however does not mean that HRM is not concerned with employee betterment. On the contrary it sees a direct link between organizational growth and employee welfare with the former leading to the latter. Hence it focuses on the former, thinking that the latter will automatically be taken care of. Both the fields of HRM and Industrial Relations while recognizing the value of human potential to contribute to the efficiency of the organization, have different pathways of achieving their goal. With a single-minded goal of better organizational performance, HRM may at times neglect or may even exploit these resources. In contrast the industrial relations system recognizing the existence of inherent conflicts between the organizations goals and workers welfare is based upon trade union representation and collective bargaining giving the employees a platform to voice their grievances. (BUIRA, 2008). HRM downplays these conflicts and instead focuses its attention on recruitment, selection, training and other parameters vital to organizational success. The field of industrial relations relies heavily on the rules and procedures laid down by the state to address any issues associated with the employment relationship. HRM, on the other hand does not follow any said rules. Instead it focuses on the best way to use human resources through effective recruitment, selection, training, appraisal, motivation and cooperation. (Silva, ). For HRM, managing culture is more important than just restricting itself to rules and regulations. (Storey, 2001) The field of industrial relations says power is inherent in the employment relationship.(BUIRA 2008:3)Thus employees are usually at the receiving end in terms of wage differentials and inequalities prevalent in the workplace. For this reason a number of laws and regulations are in place in many countries to undermine managerial authority. However the notion of power varies from organization to organization. HRM also recognizes the existence of this power relationship. However its treatment of it is rather different. The management of work and people in the firm involves strategic tensions including trade-offs between employer and employee interests. (Boxall and Purcell, 2008). HRM tries to use this power in ways that enables the organization to function more effectively. The management shares knowledge which results in high level of trust and commitment among the employees. HRM has more of an individualistic orientation and links rewards and pay to performance, a feature which is abs ent in industrial relations. HRM sees conflicts as an infrequent part of the employment relationship between the management and the workers and precisely so, because both the management and workers have the same interests. It is left to the management to provide a reasonable solution to these problems in case they arise and this is done by providing higher wages or training which may result in employment security.HRM does not rely on mediation or any sort of third-party intervention. It is more concerned with employee commitment rather than compliance. (Marchington and Wilkinson,2008).On the other hand the field of industrial relations emphasizes on the role of collective bargaining and trade unions to address these conflicts. Management is not looked upon for solutions as they are seen to be biased and more concerned with curbing workers voice. HRM gives management the most dominating role, considering it to be the be all and end all of all decisions while governments and trade unions only play a limited role. It is the management that is solely seen as being responsible for organization efficiency or inefficiency. Whereas, industrial relations sees the management, government and trade unions as being equal partners in shaping the direction of the firm. Thus, it just does not restrict itself to workers and management but all those who are affected by the employment relationship. The academic field of industrial relations encourages students to think out of the box and to engage in critical and reflective thinking. (BUIRA, 2008). The complexities involved in the employment relationship and the factors outside the workplace shaping this are looked at, to form an intelligent and well-informed decision to tackle with irregularities in the workplace. The issues of ethnicity, gender inequality, power are all taken into account which are issues not generally included in the HRM domain. The field of industrial relations inculcates a sense of enquiry into the student to question and seek answers to those questions. Although the fields of industrial relations and human resource management have differing interests, there are many areas where their interests coincide. Ultimately both the fields are concerned with achieving organizational efficiency and we should seek to attain a symbiotic relationship between the two with the two completing rather than competing with each other. The debate surrounding the field of industrial relations that it is now outdated and that the problems of human factor at work are better addressed by novel new approaches such as Human Resource Management is redundant. (Colling and Terry, 2010). The collectivistic nature of the field of industrial relations should supplement the individualistic outlook of HRM. It is essential to treat the employment relationship as complex and study it within a particular social context. A thorough understanding of both would facilitate a better understanding of the theoretical and practical problems that underpin relationships at workpla ce. (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2008)

Essay on Benefits and Dangers of Virtual Reality :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Benefits and Dangers of Virtual Reality Although still in its, infancy, virtual reality will have a substantial effect on our future way of life. Virtual reality already has made astounding progress in the world of commercial design, and it is predicted to have a tremendous impact on everyday life as well. Virtual reality, when more available, will have various uses ranging from recreation to basic communication. The applications of virtual reality into different fields of occupations and research will have both positive and negative effects on our society. Virtual reality can be defined as a, "technology that enables users to enter computer generated worlds and interface with them three dimensionally through sight, sound, and touch" (Newquist 93). Virtual reality combines computer simulation and visualization into a single, coherent whole (Peterson 8). Researchers say it embodies an attempt to eliminate the traditional distinction between the user and the machine. Virtual reality is intended to provide a means of naturally and intelligently interacting with information (8). Virtual reality is contending to be the interface of the future, allowing ordinary users to use their senses to interact with complex data. Virtual reality is a new exploration in science and technology using advanced and complex mechanics. Virtual reality allows for users to go far beyond simply looking at a computer screen. Instead, the user puts on a special suit or gloves equipped with fiber-optic sensors. These fiber-optic sensors are able to interpret body positions. The user also wears special goggles that have video screens and audio attachments. This equipment allows for the user's complete immersion into a 3-D, computer generated, model of reality (Carr 37). The use of a two-way data transfer is what enables this interaction with an alternate reality to occur. Fiber-optic and electronic cables are attached to the virtual reality equipment in order to record the user's movements (Newquist 93). These cables then send this information, called motion data, to workstations which modifies the graphics in the model. The new information is then sent back to the users headset, displaying a graphic and audio world that i s time with his or her movements. It is because of this cabling process that the action/reaction information is continually updated (93). In order to effectively create a 3-D environment for the user, virtual reality combines the elements of immersion and interactivity. Immersion is the user's contact with the virtual reality with as many senses as possible including; sight, hearing, and touch.